Laparoscopic pyelolithotomy in pelvic ectopic kidney: Case report and literature review.

INTRODUCTION: Pelvic kidney is a rare congenital anomaly. The ectopic kidney is more susceptible to developing lithiasis. The management of this type of lithiasis is a challenge. The objective of this paper was to conduct a review of available literature on the treatment of stone in ectopic kidney. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Description of a case of transperitoneal laparoscopic pyelolithotomy for the treatment of inferior calyceal lithiasis in a right pelvic kidney. A literature review was performed by using Pubmed. The following terms and combination terms were searched: "pelvic ectopic kidney", "ureterorenoscopy", "extracorporeal lithotripsy", "PCNL", "pyelolithotomy". We incluyed original articles, meta-analysis, review and case reports. RESULTS: 130 articles were excluded by title or duplication. 62 abstracts articles and them 50 full text articles were evaluated. Stone free rate were 75% (SLW), 85% (URSf), 85%-90% (PCNL) and 100% (laparoscopic pyelolithotomy). The literature on treatment on pelvic kidney is poor. CONCLUSION: Factors such stone size, density and location, and upper urinary tract abnormalities, influence the choice of therapeutic approach (retrograde, percutaneous and/or laparoscopic/robotic). Laparoscopic pyelolithotomy is a safe and minimally invasive treatment option for large kidney stones with unfavorable anatomy for the endoscopic approach.

Manejo de la recidiva bioquímica en el cáncer de próstata según la Guías de Práctica Clínica / Management of prostate cancer biochemical recurrence in the clinical guidelines

OBJETIVO: Revisión de las Guías Clínicas que consideramos tienen un mayor impacto en la actividad urológica, para conocer y comparar sus recomendaciones en el diagnóstico y manejo de la recidiva bioquímica después de un tratamiento con intención curativa en el cáncer prostático ( prostatectomía radical o radioterapia). MÉTODOS: Hemos revisado las Guías Clínicas de la European Urological Assciation (EAU), American Urological Association (AUA), National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) y del National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE), así como la evidencia científica en la que se basan. RESULTADOS: Ponemos de manifiesto en este artículo la complejidad del tema a tratar y las similitudes y disparidades entre ellas. La definición de recidiva varía si se trata de pacientes que han sido sometidos a prostatectomía radical o a radioterapia. En cuanto a los tratamientos, en el primer caso se decantan hacia la radioterapia precoz siendo en cambio más dispersas las recomendaciones en la recidiva bioquímica después de radioterapia. CONCLUSIÓN: Las Guías Clínicas suponen una magnífica ayuda al profesional para la toma de decisiones. Las Guías Clínicas formulan recomendaciones, con mayor o menor grado de evidencia y que han de ser periódicamente reevaluadas incorporando la evidencia científica que vaya apareciendo(AU)

OBJECTIVE: Review of the Guidelines which have major impact on the urological field, in order to compare and to know their recommendations in the diagnosis and management of biochemical relapse after a healing treatment of prostate cancer (radical prostatectomy or radiotherapy). METHODS: We review the Guidelines of the European Urological Association (EAU), the American Urological Association (AUA), of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) and those of the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE), as well as the scientific evidence on which they are based. RESULTS: In this paper we state the complexity of the subject being dealt with and coincidences and differences among them. The definition of relapse varies depending on whether the patient has undergone either radical prostatectomy or radiotherapy. Regarding treatment, in the first case early radiotherapy is the treatment of choice, but recommendations after radiotherapy are not so specific. CONCLUSION: Clinical Guidelines represent a great aid in decision making for the professional. Guidelines give recommendations with a higher o lower degree of scientific evidence and must be evaluated regularly to include new evidences which are coming through(AU)

First percutaneous computed tomography-guided radiofrequency ablation of renal tumor in horseshoe kidney.

OBJECTIVE: To report the first case of percutaneous radiofrequency ablation of a tumor in a horseshoe kidney. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A 75-year-old man presented with a 3-cm solid mass on the isthmus of a horseshoe kidney. The tumor was discovered incidentally on a routine computed tomography scan performed during follow-up of a colon carcinoma treated with open hemicolectomy. The patient presented a high anesthetic risk (American Society of Anesthesiologists score of 3) because of a comorbid cardiovascular condition. Biopsy of the mass revealed type I papillary carcinoma. We performed percutaneous radiofrequency ablation using a posterior approach. RESULTS: No complications occurred, and postoperative computed tomography 3 months after the procedure showed no significant contrast enhancement in the treated area. CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, this is the first case of a tumor in a horseshoe kidney satisfactorily treated with percutaneous radiofrequency ablation. The technique could represent an alternative to traditional surgery in selected cases.

Cadaver donor kidney retransplantation in the pediatric patient: complications and long-term outcome.

PURPOSE: We compared the outcome of second and third kidney allografts with that of the first kidney allograft in pediatric recipients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We classified 173 cadaveric kidney recipients into 2 groups. Group 1 comprised 120 first transplants and group 2 comprised 53 retransplants, including 43 second and 10 third transplants. We compared demographic characteristics and survival in groups 1 and 2. RESULTS: Group 1 consisted of 78 boys and 42 girls with a mean ± SD age of 11.5 ± 4.2 years. Group 2 consisted of 37 boys and 16 girls with a mean age of 10.4 ± 4.7 years. One, 5, 10 and 15-year graft survival rates were 78.7%, 64.3%, 54.5% and 50.7% for first transplants vs 82.8%, 57.8%, 57.8% and 41.3%, respectively, for retransplants (p = 0.757). Patient survival at 1, 5 and 15-year was 95.8%, 89.6%, 84.9% in the first transplant group vs 93.6%, 93.6% and 93.6%, respectively, in the retransplant group (p = 0.0.63). Graft survival was significantly higher in patients who did vs did not receive calcineurin inhibitors in the 2 groups (p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Kidney retransplantation in the pediatric population can yield excellent long-term outcomes, especially in patients treated with calcineurin inhibitors.

[Conservative treatment of renal cancer using HIFU. Procedure, indications, and results]. / Tratamiento conservador del cáncer renal mediante HIFU. Técnica, indicaciones y resultados.

This article reviews the mechanisms of action of high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU), as well as both experimental and clinical work related to renal tumor treatment. While most currently available experience in urological tumors with HIFU has been obtained with prostate cancer, an increasing number of studies support the efficacy and safety of this procedure for renal tumor destruction. HIFU completes, with cryotherapy and radiofrequency, the spectrum of minimally invasive surgery in renal cancer, intended to decrease surgical morbidity while achieving similar oncological control rates. It is still early to recommend this procedure for daily clinical practice because, while its safety and few side effects are known, many ongoing studies intended to confirm its mid- and long-term oncological efficacy should be completed.

Tratamiento conservador del cáncer renal mediante HIFU. Técnica, indicaciones y resultados / Conservative treatment of renal cancer using HIFU. Procedure, indications, and results

En este artículo se revisan los mecanismos de acción de los ultrasonidos de alta intensidad HIFU, así como los trabajos tanto experimentales como clínicos en relación con el tratamiento de los tumores renales. Aunque hasta la actualidad la mayor parte de la experiencia oncológica en Urología con HIFU tiene relación con el cáncer de próstata, son cada vez más los trabajos que avalan su eficacia y seguridad en la destrucción de tumores renales, completando, junto con la crioterapia y la radiofrecuencia, el espectro de la cirugía mínimamente invasiva en el cáncer renal, tratamientos que pretenden disminuir la morbilidad operatoria alcanzando similares tasas de control oncológico. Es aún pronto para recomendar esta técnica en la práctica clínica diaria, ya que conocemos su seguridad y pocos efectos secundarios, pero es preciso que se completen muchos de los trabajos, en marcha en la actualidad, que confirmen su eficacia oncológica a medio y largo plazo (AU)

This article reviews the mechanisms of action of high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU), as well as both experimental and clinical work related to renal tumor treatment. While most currently available experience in urological tumors with HIFU has been obtained with prostate cancer, an increasing number of studies support the efficacy and safety of this procedure for renal tumor destruction. HIFU completes, with cryotherapy and radiofrequency, the spectrum of minimally invasive surgery in renal cancer, intended to decrease surgical morbidity while achieving similar oncological control rates. It is still early to recommend this procedure for daily clinical practice because, while its safety and few side effects are known, many ongoing studies intended to confirm its mid- and long-term oncological efficacy should be completed (AU)

Próstata y láser KTP / Prostate and KTP laser

Objetivo: Analizar en base a los datos de la literatura médica la seguridad y eficacia de la fotovaporización con Láser verde KTP en el tratamiento de la obstrucción urinaria causada por la hipertrofia benigna de próstata. Resultados: La mayor parte de los artículos consultados destacan la baja tasa de complicaciones, ja eficacia y corta curva de aprendizaje de este tipo de vaporización. Teniendo como limitaciones que la mayor parte de dichos trabajos no son comparativos, el número de pacientes incluidos no es importante y sobre todo el seguimiento de muchos de ellos es corto. Conclusiones: La vaporización prostática con Láser KTP es hoy una alternativa a la RTU y más en pacientes con comorbilidad, por la baja tasa de complicaciones. Aunque asumiendo que es una tecnología cara y que precisa de un mayor seguimiento para confirmar el mantenimiento de los resultados obtenidos (AU)

Objectives: To analyze safety and efficacy of KTP green laser photovaporization for the treatment of lower urinary tract obstruction caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia based on data from the medical literature. Results: Most articles consulted emphasize its low complication rate, efficacy, and short learning curve. They have the limitation that most papers are not comparative, the number of patients included is low, and follow-up in many of them short. Conclusions: Prostatic vaporization with KTP laser is today an alternative to TUR, more in patients with comorbidities, due to its low complication rate. Nevertheless, we accept it is an expensive technology and more follow-up is required to confirm the results remain (AU)

[Prostate and KTP laser]. / Próostata y láser KTP.

OBJECTIVES: To analyze safety and efficacy of KTP green laser photovaporization for the treatment of lower urinary tract obstruction caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia based on data from the medical literature. RESULTS: Most articles consulted emphasize its low complication rate, efficacy, and short learning curve. They have the limitation that most papers are not comparative, the number of patients included is low, and follow-up in many of them short. CONCLUSIONS: Prostatic vaporization with KTP laser is today an alternative to TUR, more in patients with comorbidities, due to its low complication rate. Nevertheless, we accept it is an expensive technology and more follow-up is required to confirm the results remain.

[Upper urinary tract tumor: differential diagnosis by radiological images]. / Tumor de urotelio superior: diagnóstico diferencial por imágen radiológica.

To perform the adequate treatment of upper urinary tract lesions it is very important to have an exact diagnosis. When the suspicion of an upper tract urothelial tumor is established the initial evaluation is carried out by imaging diagnostic tests (intravenous urography, pyelography, and others). The association of radiological tests and urine cytologies allows us to get to a correct diagnosis in most cases. Upper urinary tract endoscopy solves some equivocal cases, but sometimes it is impossible to clarify the nature of the lesion in spite of a comprehensive diagnostic effort. Therapeutic decision should be individualized in these cases. The objective of this article is to describe the various features of upper tract urothelial tumors in a variety of available imaging tests, and to review all conditions that may have similar images, describing the characteristic radiological findings for each of them. We discuss about differential diagnosis and perform a critical evaluation of the diagnostic difficulties that occasionally present upper urinary tract diseases.